SYMPTOM
Unexpected data is seen when applying a metric filter to a Visual Insight Dashboard. The filter does not limit the data used in aggregate from base derived metrics as expected leading to incorrect metric results. For example take a dashboard with the base data seen below and two derived metrics defined as counts of month.

If a filter is added based on profit such as profit >100000 then the data below will be seen.

This data is correct but if month is removed then the behavior changes and the metric without aggregate from base can no longer calculate while the metric with aggregate from base will calculate without applying the filter.

As can be seen here months are being counted by the aggregate from base metric that violate the filter.
CAUSE
This is working as designed. Aggregate from base metrics calculate in the base dataset before any view level filters or calculations. This means the Visual Insight filter is applied after the aggregate from base metric has already calculated.
ACTION
Ensure that metric filters aren't used alongside aggregate from base derived metrics. Using report filters instead of Visual Insight filters or using filters based on attributes instead will work correctly.